Postgres OnLine Journal   

PostGIS 1.5.0 is finally out

I'm happy to report that after a long haul, we have finally released PostGIS 1.5.0. Two months late, but there it is, and its a really great release I think; Perhaps the best release ever.

Details on what makes this release so special. The geodetic support.

Summary excerpted from Paul's slightly premature announcement

February 4, 2010

The PostGIS development team has, after a long course of reflection
and a detailed self-examination of our various personal failings,
decided to release PostGIS 1.5.0 to the public.

  http://postgis.org/download/postgis-1.5.0.tar.gz

This new version of PostGIS includes a new "geography" type for
managing geodetic (lat/lon) data, performance-enhanced distance
calculations, GML and KML format readers, an improved shape loading
GUI, and other new features as well.

Especial thanks to:

* Dave Skea for algorithms and mathematics necessary to support
spherical geometry
* Nicklas Avén for the new performance enhanced distance calculations
and other distance-related functions
* Sandro Santilli for new buffering features (end caps and style options)
* Olivier Courtin for GML/KML input functions
* Guillaume Lelarge for support for the upcoming PgSQL 9.0
* George Silva for an example implementation of history tables
* Vincent Picavet for Hausdorff distance calculations
* The maintainers of GEOS, Proj4, and LibXML, without whom we would
have less of a spatial database

Love, the PostGIS project steering committee,

Mark Cave-Ayland
Kevin Neufeld
Regina Obe
Paul Ramsey

Every once in a while, especially if you have a fairly large database, you may find the need to do select backups of certain tables. Your criteria might be based on name or how relatively recently data has changed in the table. Below are some of the tricks we use. Some use our favorite hack of scripting command line scripts with SQL.

UPDATE: Thanks all for the suggestions. For now we ended up increasing the seq_page_cost from 1 to 2 in the database. That has gotten us back to our old much much faster speeds without change in code and seems to have improved the speeds of other queries as well, without reducing speed of any. ALTER DATABASE mydb SET seq_page_cost=2;

As Jeff suggested, we'll try to come up with a standalone example that exhibits the behavior. The below example was more to demonstrate the construct. Table names and fields were changed to protect the innocent so that is why we didn't bother showing explain plans. The behavior also seems to do with the distribution of data and gets worse when stats are updated (via vacuum analyze). Didn't see this in PostgreSQL 8.3 and this was a system recently upgraded from 8.3 to 8.4

This is a very odd thing and I think has happened to us perhaps once before. Its a bit puzzling, and we aren't particularly happy with our work around because its something that looks to a casual observer as a bit bizarre. The hack is setting the enable_seqscan setting off for a particular query to force the planner to use indexes available to it.

What is particularly troubling about this problem, is that it wasn't always this way. This is a piece of query code we've had in an application for a while, and its worked shall I say really fast. Response times in 300 ms - 1 sec, for what is not a trivial query against a not so trivially sized hierarchy of tables. Anyrate, one day -- this query that we were very happy with, suddenly started hanging taking 5 minutes to run. Sure data had been added and so forth, but that didn't completely explain this sudden change of behavior. The plan it had taken had changed drastically. It just suddenly decided to stop using a critical index it had always used. Well it was still using it but just on the root table, not the children. Though querying a child directly proved that it still refused to use it, so it didn't seem to be the hierarchy at fault here.

Ah a new year, a new PostgreSQL release in the works. Beware -- this post is a bit sappy as we are going to highlight those that have made our lives and lives of many a little easier.

These are people we consider the most important because they provide the first impression that newcomers get when first starting off with PostgreSQL. The newcomer that quickly walks out the door unimpressed, is the easy sale you've lost. Make your pitch short and sweet.

As always Hubert does a really good job of taste testing the new treats in the oven and detailing how cool they are. I highly suggest his posts if people have not read them already or are looking at PostgreSQL for the first time. You can catch his Waiting for PostgreSQL 8.5 series which is in progress. Surely gives us a list of things to test drive.

Then there are those that document, the volumes of PostgreSQL documentation which are just great, up to date and rich with content. Probably too many of these people to call out, and sadly we don't know them by name.

Of course its not just enough to announce releases, document them and talk about them, you must make it really easy for people to try them out. If people have to compile stuff, especially windows users, forget about it. You won't hear complaints, you won't hear whispers, you'll hear dust blowing. The biggest audience you have is the one you just lost because you didn't make it easy for them to try your stuff. The apple hit me on the head one day when a very dear friend said to me and here is a slight paraphrase. You don't actually expect me to compile this myself do you? How much time do you think I have? It is not about you, it is about me.. This was especially surprising coming from a guy I always thought of as selfless. This I realized is the biggest problem with many open source projects, that they are lost in the flawed mentality that its about scratching their own itch and the rest will come. It is not. Always concentrating on your own itch and scratching it is a sure way of guaranteeing that no one will scratch your itch for you. Think of it like a pool game. Do you target the aim at the ball you are trying to hit, or balls near by that will knock down the others. So in short don't be a complete wuss that people can walk all over, but look past your nose and choose your balls wisely; make sure all your balls are not focused on software development.

A couple of people have asked this, so thought we would address the common issues people run into with compiling PostGIS.

The first question, some will ask is Why don't you just take the packaged PostGIS that comes with the PostgreSQL Yum repository?

There are two reasons for not installing PostGIS under using Yum and our general reasons for not.

• We like running a newer GEOS than what is generally packaged with Yum because certain PostGIS functionality is not enabled with older versions of GEOS. For example GEOS 3.1 introduced a couple of new functions like ST_Covers and ST_CoveredBy, ST_ContainedProperly the Cascaded Union and prepared geometry speed enhancements require GEOS 3.1+. GEOS 3.2 brought more robust support for dealing with topological exceptions, new buffering features like one-sided buffer (which the upcoming PostGIS 1.5 exposes if and only if you are running GEOS 3.2+), faster buffering, and several memory leak cleanups. We highly recommend using GEOS 3.2.0. It is just a more robust product than prior GEOS versions.
• We generally like to run newer versions of PostGIS than what Yum provides and also run multiple versions of PostGIS on the same server. This is a bit tricky to do with Yum since it only exposes one and generally an older one than what we care for. PostGIS 1.5 will be especially great since it will have the geodetic support and cool functions like ST_ClosestPoint and other major goodies.

NOTE: PostGIS 1.3, PostGIS 1.4, PostGIS 1.5 can coexist on the same PostgreSQL daemon service as long as they are installed in different databases. They will all share the same Proj and GEOS. So installing PostGIS 1.5 will not break your PostGIS 1.4 or 1.3 installs. The newer GEOS 3.2.0 C-API is backward compatible with older GEOS C-API and the C-API is what PostGIS uses.

This was a truly exciting year for us and the PostgreSQL project and perhaps a bit depressing for MySQL.

The following events happened:

• PostgreSQL 8.4 was released which had blow away features like Common Table Expressions (CTE) , Recursive CTEs, and Windowing Functions. This meant we could finally get some of our hard-core Oracle and SQL server friends really excited about PostgreSQL.
• This is the first year we got out of our shy mode and actually presented at conferences. We presented at PGCon 2009 and OSCON 2009.
• The PostGIS project steering committee was formed with Regina as one of the founding members
• We started writing our PostGIS in Action due out sometime in 2010. Sadly we are a bit behind schedule, but on the bright side, you can buy the book now and it will probably be a bit heftier than the 325 pages we had planned. To celebrate our upcoming book, we have launched our book promo site PostGIS in Action: The Book where the adventure begins. There you will find source code downloads, data, presentations as we put each together. You will also see a brief description of chapters , our progress with each chapter, what you can expect from each chapter, and related links to the chapter content. We are currently at what we hope is our last quarter sprint.
• We wrote a DZone cheatsheet which was confronted with mixed emotions.
• 2009 was also the year Oracle threatened to buy Sun and engulf MySQL in the process. Interestingly this was predictable in someone's wildest dreams. Is this the end of Open source databases as we know it? Only time will tell.

Plans for 2010

What are our plans for 2010?

• Get PostGIS 1.5 out the door some time in January 2010
• We hope in 2010 to present at at least one PGCon conference and hopefully make FOSS4G 2010 in September 2010. Our book better be written by then.
• Finish our book and hopefully soon.
• Increase the adoption of PostgreSQL and PostGIS significantly. To paraphrase our favorite Larry's famous words our strategy is to Get big very fast.
• Get PostGIS 2.0 out the door sometime in late 2010.

What will happen to the database industry in 2010

I usually try to keep my mouth shut on these topics. I must say that I have noticed a bit of animosity from some PostgreSQL people toward the whole MySQL/Oracle affair, comments like He lives by the sword, he should die by the sword. Other interesting conjectures as to what this means for Open Source databases, Is Monty right that the apparent rape of MySQL by Oracle is only bad and will cause countless pain and suffering for many. All I can say is "What..ever".

Some argue that Monty's fight is all about money and some don't that he is earnestly trying to save the world from Oracle. To me its a fight about a man who has spent half his life nurturing this child MySQL named after his own son. Of course he has quite a bit of emotional attachment to it, as many in the PostgreSQL clan have an equal attachment to PostgreSQL and we have an equal non-economic (as well as economic) attachment to PostGIS and PostgreSQL. Equally so I'm sure Larry Ellison has perhaps a stronger attachment to the namesake Oracle database named after a CIA project he spent more than half his life nurturing.

So in short the motives on all side are clear and irrelevant to all except said people with said motives. In the end, what is relevant is what is relevant.

PgAdmin 1.9+ has a simple Plug-In architecture which makes it relatively simple to introduce new plugins. It is pretty much all controlled by the file plugins.ini. In that file you can register any executable you want in there. If you want the executable to get passed database configuration settings, there is an option for that and you just have to build your executable to accept commandline switches.

In PostGIS 1.4, Paul Ramsey created this nice Graphical User Interface to the PostGIS shapefile loader, because well, not everyone likes command-line interfaces, particularly people new to PostGIS. All was great except I couldn't get the thing to compile under windows. After much whining on my part, Paul being the gracious guy he is got off his Mac soapbox and disgusted himself by debugging this thing in his slow and clunky windows VM.

After a lot of sweat and tears, we have a GUI for the upcoming PostGIS 1.5 that not only is an easy to use non-threatening to newbies interface, but that also fits in nicely as a Plug-in for PgAdmin III (thanks to my whining). PostGIS 1.5 is eminent once we stop fighting over the whole PostgreSQL PGXS annoyance and how to hack or not hack around it. This whole argument really deserves its own Dilbert comic strip.. Although the GUI is designed for PostGIS 1.5, you can use it to load PostGIS 1.3 and PostGIS 1.4 data as well. Mark Cave-Ayland threw in a nice loading touch to it too. It also adds to the mix, ability to load into the new geography type introduced in PostGIS 1.5. The commandline version also has geography type support.

You can download the windows version from http://www.postgis.org/download/windows/experimental.php. If you just want it without the PostGIS 1.5 binaries -- just download the one labeled PostGIS ESRI Shapefile GUI.

In this exercise, we'll go thru our steps for upgrading a Redhat Enterprise Linux 64-bit PostgreSQL box from PostgreSQL 8.3 to PostgreSQL 8.4. If you don't have any kind of PostgreSQL installed on your box, you can skip the Upgrade step.

Updgrading from PostgreSQL 8.* to PostgreSQL 8.4

If you are starting from scratch -- just skip this section.

If you are upgrading from 8.4.0 to 8.4.1 you can get away with a simple
yum update postgresql
and skip the rest of this article.

If you are upgrading from PostgreSQL 8.3 to 8.4, in theory you can use PgMigrator, but in practice, particularly with a Yum install, you are bound to run into obstacles. If you are running an older version, you must dump and restore.

Debugmode Wink is a freeware piece of software for both business as well as personal use for doing screencasts and incorporating sound into your screen captures. The main useful format it outputs to is macromedia flash though you can output to PDF for handouts and so forth. While its not a PostgreSQL related item per se, it can be useful for making all sorts of tutorials including PostgreSQL tutorials that involve showing people how to do things on screen. We've started to experiment with tutorials of this format and hope to get into doing more hands on like tutorials. We'll probably be doing a using PostgreSQL in OpenOffice tutorial in this issue since it lends itself well to screen casting.

The upcoming version of PostGIS - PostGIS 1.5 will be an exciting one. It has native geodetic support in the form of the new geography type, similar in concept to SQL Server's geography support. For windows users, we have experimental binary builds hot off the presses for PostgreSQL 8.3 and 8.4

This is an unfortunate predicament that many people find themselves in and does cause a bit of frustration. You bring in some tables into your PostgreSQL database using some column name preserving application, and the casings are all preserved from the source data store. So now you have to quote all the fields everytime you need to use them. In these cases, we usually rename the columns to be all lower case using a script. There are two approaches we have seen/can think of for doing this one to run a script that generates the appropriate alter table statements and the other is to update the pg_attribute system catalog table directly.

This week is a busy week for events. While PostgreSQL is having its PostgreSQL West conference in Seattle, the biggest Open Source GIS conference of the year is happening in Sydney, Australia FOSS4G 2009. Sadly given our schedule and the distances of the commutes, we couldn't make either conference.

Mateusz Loskot pointed out that the video is out for Paul Ramsey's FOSS4G 2009 Keynote speech on Beyond Nerds Bearing Gifts: The Future of the Open Source Economy. I think its a very important distinction Paul makes between selling software and selling a product, that a lot of people miss when trying to evaluate the solvency of open source software.

For those who don't know Paul, he's one of the co-founders of the PostGIS project and Refractions Research.

Vacuuming and analyzing is the process that removes dead rows and also updates the statistics of a table. As of PostgreSQL 8.3, auto vacuuming (the process that runs around cleaning up tables), is on by default. If you are creating a lot of tables and bulk loading data, the vacuumer sometimes gets in your way. One way to get around that is to disable auto vacuuming on the tables you are currently working on and then reenable afterward. You can also do this from the PgAdmin III management console.

In our prior story about allocating people with the power of window aggregation, we saw our valiant hero and heroine trying to sort people into elevators to ensure that each elevator ride was not over capacity. All was good in the world until someone named Frank came along and spoiled the party. Frank rightfully pointed out that our algorithm was flawed because should Charlie double his weight, then we could have one elevator ride over capacity. We have a plan.

This is along the lines of more stupid window function fun and how many ways can we abuse this technology in PostgreSQL. Well actually we were using this approach to allocate geographic areas such that each area has approximately the same population of things. So you can imagine densely populated areas would have smaller regions and more of them and less dense areas will have larger regions but fewer of them (kind of like US Census tracts). So you have to think about ways of allocating your regions so you don't have a multipolygon where one part is in one part of the world and the other in another etc. Using window aggregation is one approach in conjunction with spatial sorting algorithms.

The non-spatial equivalent of this problem is how do you shove people in an elevator and ensure you don't exceed the capacity of the elevator for each ride. Below is a somewhat naive way of doing this. The idea being you keep on summing the weights until you reach capacity and then start a new grouping.