editor note   

Yap that's right. PostGIS 2.0.0 is finally out the door. It took us Two years and 2 months, a super long incubation for us, but we did it and just in time for Javier's Where 2.0 2.0 Talk.. Paul has some border-line R rated pictures of the birthing process.

We have windows 32 binaries posted for those adventurous enough to taste the cookies while they are hot. We are working on the windows 64-bit binaries. Those should be out tomorrow. We'll be working in the coming week to get the installers ready to put up so they are available via Stack Builder. We'll probably put up the 32-bit ones first, hopefully followed shortly by the 64-bit ones. You should see PostGIS 2.0.0 soon on Yum as well. Devrim is cooking :).

This past week has been very nerve racking but also exciting. We have successfully compiled PostGIS under the mingw64 chain and built a PostGIS windows 64-bit for 2.0 (and 1.5), that can install under the Enterprise Db VC++ 64-bit builds of PostgreSQL 9.1. We haven't tried on 9.0, but we assume that should be fairly trivial. Note only that, but it passes most of the PostGIS battery of tests. We first want to thank a group of people which made this all possible:

• Andrew Dunstan we are greatly indebted to for making it possible to compile PostgreSQL under mingw64 tool chain. As much as people have whined about wanting to compile PostGIS under a pure VC chain, this is not possible at this juncture just because a lot of the tests and other tool chains PostGIS uses for building are too tied to the Unix build environment.
• We want to thank the generous folks who provided money for our campaign so that we could funnel time from paid consulting work to focus on this effort and to prove that every little bit counts.
• SpatiaLite developer Alessandro Furieri whose mingw64 compile instructions were invaluable to helping us overcome our GEOS and other compile obstacles. SpatiaLite (the OGC spatial extender for SQLite),uses much of the same plumbing that PostGIS uses under the hood, so many of the lessons he learned an provide could be put to use with our problems.
• To Paul Ramsey especially and other PostGIS devs for general moral support and helping us tackle some PostGIS specific issues when compiled with mingw64. Paul demonstrated that yes you can mix VC++ built components with MingW and steps on how to do it. Part of the reason for that is the newer mingw32 seemed to crash with GEOS compiled under mingw32. Though the mingw64 chain didn't have this issue once we overcame our compile obstacle. We may in the future compare and see if compiling Geos under VC++ provides better performance and will also get us closer to having it possible to compile PostGIS fully under VC++ if people choose to. For the time being having a single tool chain that we can extract and run with is most important. We are preparing a self-standing Mingw64 tool chain with all the components needed to build PostGIS already compiled so that windows users who want to help with PostGIS need only extract to have a fully functioning postGIS dev environment and we also plan to move our mingw32 build to mingw64 chain of tools.

We hope to have a 64-bit compiled download ready next week for PostGIS 2.0.0 beta3 for people to try out. We are working on some issues with the raster2pgsql and loader/dumper guis we compiled not working right, but the core PostGIS works just fine in 64-bit and the 32-bit loader tools work fine against a 64-bit install. One thing we did notice with the 64-bit PostgreSQL is that we can set shared_buffers much higher than the 32-bit PostgreSQL windows. On windows we could never go beyond ~700MB without it not being able to start or crashing. With the 64-bit we were able to go to 2GB. Haven't tried higher yet. We hope this will prove to be a performance boost for tasks such as geocoding that reuse a lot of the same datasets and benefit a lot from share memory.

As many may have noticed, PostgresOnline.com has been down for the past week or so and probably is still not reachable from many parts of the world since our DNS server was also taken down as a result of a Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) attack instigated by an Activision Call of Duty Game exploit that turned thousands of Call of Duty game servers into Zombies launching an attack on us.

We have a small confession to make. One of the businesses we co-own is an e-Commerce site that sells condoms. You never know how people will react when you say that in mixed company so we only mention it in closer company. Some people are glad we are in a business protecting against venereal diseases or unwanted pregnancies and some feel strongly we are violating a mother nature creed of conduct. WowCondoms was the site that was under attack on a UDP port and we are not sure if it was a malicious intent or not since the root instigator has not been found yet. The attack was higher up from our servers so it knocked our ISP who in turn blamed us for their outage. We never saw the traffic.

The tragic thing is that it can happen to any site and does all the time. It really hit home when it happened to us.

Details of our fight are described here: WowCondoms plugs hole in Activision's Call of Duty Game Servers

Two exciting things happened this past month.

• Our article on upcoming PostGIS 2.0 recently came out in GeoInformatics Magazine December 2011 Issue 8. Check it out here. Starts on page 30.
• We just got notice that our book proposal has been accepted and this time it's not about PostGIS.

In our article The Pure Relational database is dead there were a lot of misunderstandings as a result of our poor choice of words. People thought we were bashing the relational model because in their mind that was what pure meant. I got hit with a lot of poetic insults. I still can't think of an alternative word to use for what I meant. Simple doesn't really do it as even relational databases with just standard types were far from simple when you consider the planner and all the other stuff going on under the hood to protect you from the underlying storage structure. What I was trying to say is that in the beginning most relational databases just supported a standard set of types which you could not expand on and most people when they think relational today still think just that. That type of relational database is in my book dead or almost dead.

How did this all start. Well whenever we use something like PostgreSQL to store anything complex -- take your pick: geometry data, tree like structures which we use ltree for, full-text query constructs, and Yes XML we get bashed by some know-it-all who has a very narrow view of what a relational database should be doing and suggesting we use a NoSQL database, a graph engine or a full text engine or normalize our data more. I have also learned XML is a dirty word to many people. I mistakenly thought XML was a complex type people could relate to, but turns out they can relate to it so well that it brings up tragic memories I can only equate to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder suffered by war veterans or (early or wrong) technology adopters. That was not my intent either. XML was just merely an example. I will not say you should use XML in your tables, but I will also not say you should stay clear of it as many people wanted me to say. I will say its use is rare, but it has its place. It has its place just as any other complex type and it has its own special needs for navigation, indexing etc. which many relational databases handle fine enough.

A lot of redditers took offense at our article XPathing XML data with PostgreSQL with the general consensus, if you are going to be stuffing XML in a relational database where will you stop? That is not what relational databases are designed for. We had comitted a sacrilegious sin and worsed yet encouraging bad habits by forcing people to think more about different options they have for storing data in a relational database and god forbid demonstrating querying such columns with xml specific functions. What were we thinking? How dare we try to query XML data with SQL? Perhaps we were thinking like this guy or this guy, both equally misguided spatial relational database folk. Of course we stepped one foot further by actually defining a column as xml and dare storing data in it for later consumption rather than just an intermediary step.

If I want to store documents, that are navigateable I should be using a document database like MongoDb, CouchDB etc designed for that kind of stuff. If I've got graphs I should be using a graph database. This got me thinking that the "Pure Relational Database" is dead, and I'm surprised most people don't seem to realize it.

So while "Relational databases" have changed over the last 25 years, most people's notions of them have not kept up with the pace of its change.

First let me define what I mean by Pure. A pure relational database is one with standard meat and potato types like text, dates, numbers well suited for counting money and computing how close the world is to total bankruptcy which you store as fields in a row of a table and that you then define foreign keys / constraints / primary keys on to relate them to other tables. You reconstitute your real world objects by stitching these tables together with joins etc and return sets using where conditions, summarize by using group bys or other mathy like constructs. Don't get me wrong; these are very beautiful things because they allow for easy slicing of dimensions and not having to think about all the dimensions that make up an object all at once. In fact it was so beautiful that some people thought, "wow that's cool, but it would be even cooler if I could store more complex objects in those columns with their own specific needs for querying." and so was born the object relational database as some people refer to them that thought relational but also understood that different types had their own unique needs for querying, storage, indexing etc.

Nowadays most, if not all, relational like databases have standardized on some variant of SQL. In essence though, the pure relational database doesn't allow you to define new types or have exotic types such as arrays, xml, graphs, geometries, rasters, sparse matrices etc. Much less thinking involved and less likely you will shoot yourself in the foot by dumping a bunch of xml in a field and trying to do something with it. When it is used to store more complex things such as spreadsheets and other user documents, these are stored as blobs and just retrieved. Even such use is frowned upon.

Well most relational databases I can think of nowadays have richer types: e.g. PostgreSQL, Oracle and Firebird all support arrays as a column type. Some even allow you to define custom types and functions to support your custom types e.g. PostgreSQL (I could go on forever), Oracle has rich user defined type support too, and SQL Server 2005+ with each version getting better and better for user defined custom types and introducing more exotic types and support infrastructure. Even MySQL/Drizzle (mostly in the form of different storage engines). Even my favorite light-weight SQLite under the hood has some tricks that aren't what I would call relational. E.g. Spatialite/RasterLite has a whole geometry type library built on SQLite with functions you can call from SQL and I'm sure there are lots of middleware tools you don't know about using the SQLite and Firebird engine for more than relational tasks (e.g. HTML5 anyone/ CAD anyone).

FOSS 4G 2011 Videos. My resident PostGIS developer strk says he can't see them because blip.tv is using some sort of proprietary video swf format. I can't really tell what he is talking about. Does anyone know if fosslic videos are available in other formats like ogg or a Gnash swf viewer compatible format?

We mentioned in prior article Our FOSS4G 2011 the new Stuff and provided the slides in that article. Now we have the video to go with it.

• Paul's standard State of PostGIS He ran out of time so our's is more like a continuation.
• PostGIS 2.0 the new Stuff (our presentation)
• PostGIS Raster 2.0 - store, manipulate and analyze raster Pierre Racine

It is with sadness that I learned of the passing of Dennis Ritchie - inventor of C and who made much of Unix, other operating systems, and many software (including Postgres) possible. More details at Remembering Dennis Ritchie: Software Pioneer and Dennis Ritchie, in Memoriam.

Dennis Ritchie co-authored the book, The C Programming Language, a classic, which many of my peers grew up with. It was one of the textbooks at MIT for Civil Engineering 1.00 when we were attending when the course was essentially an introduction to programming with C.

The harsh irony is that when Steve Jobs passed away I was probably the only one around me who felt no remorse and hoped the curve fanaticism Jobs fueled would die with him. When Dennis Ritchie passed away I was probably one of the few around me who knew who he was and appreciated the great contributions he made to the computer industry.

This is about improvements to GIST indexes that I hope to see in PostgreSQL 9.2. One is a patch for possible inclusion in PostgreSQL 9.2 called SP-GiST, Space-Partitioned GiST created by Teodor Sigaev and Oleg Bartunov whose basic technique is described in SP-GiST: An Extensible Database Index for Supporting Space Partitioning Trees. For those who don't know Teodor and Oleg, they are the great fellows that brought us many other GiST and GIN goodnesses that many specialty PostgreSQL extensions enjoy -- e.g. PostGIS, trigrams, ltree, pgsphere, hstore, full-text search to name a few.

Another is a recent one just committed by Alexander Korotkov which I just recently found out about on New node splitting algorithm for GIST and admit I don't know enough about to judge. I have to admit to being very clueless when it comes to the innards of index implementations so don't ask me any technical details. It's one of those short-comings among the trillion others I have that I have learned to accept will probably never change.

What the SP-GIST patch will provide in terms of performance and speed was outlined in PGCon 2011: SP-GiST - a new indexing infrastructure for PostgreSQL Space-Partitioning trees in PostgreSQL.

What it provides specifically for PostGIS is summarized in Paul's call for action noted below. As a passionate user of PostGIS ,ltree, tsearch, and hstore, I'm pretty excited about these patches and other GIST and general index enhancements and there potential use in GIST dependent extensions. I'm hoping to see these spring to life in PostgreSQL 9.2 and think it will help to further push the envelope of where PostgreSQL can go as a defacto platform for cutting-edge technology and scientific research. I think one of PostgreSQL's greatest strength is its extensible index API.

Paul's PostGIS newsgroup note about seeking funding for faster GIST indexes , work done so far on SP-GIST and call for further action is rebroadcast in it's entirety here.

Thanks to the sponsorship of Michigan Technological University, we now
have 50% of the work complete. There is a working patch at the
commitfest https://commitfest.postgresql.org/action/patch_view?id=631
which provides quad-tree and kd-tree indexes.

However, there is a problem: unless the patch is reviewed and goes
through more QA/QC, it'll never get into PostgreSQL proper. In case
you think I am kidding: we had a patch for KNN searching ready for the
9.0 release, but it wasn't reviewed in time, so we had to wait all the
way through the 9.1 cycle to get it.

I am looking for sponsors in the $5K to $10K range to complete this
work. If you use PostgreSQL in your business, this is a chance to add
a basic capability that may help you in all kinds of ways you don't
expect. We're talking about faster geospatial indexes here, but this
facility will also radically speed any partitioned space. (For
example, the suffix-tree, which can search through URLs incredibly
fast. Another example, you can use a suffix tree to very efficiently
index geohash strings. Interesting.)

If you think there's a possibility, please contact me and I will send
you a prospectus you can take to your manager. Let's make this happen
folks!

Paul

The Free and Open Source Software for Geospatial (FOSS4G) is schedule for September 12-16, 2011 in Denver, CO. PostGIS is going to be making a big showing at this event. Paul Ramsey's popular Introduction to PostGIS workshop is already sold out. Check out the schedule of other PostGIS related talks FOSS4G 2011 PostGIS related talks.

We'll be presenting on Friday PostGIS 2.0, the new stuff and showcasing some of the new features in upcoming PostGIS 2.0. In fact Friday seems to be a day jam packed with PostGIS talks back to back in the Windows room. We probably won't even have to leave the room to get our fill of PostGIS.

I'm particularly looking forward to Steven Singer's PostGIS replication talk and Jim Mlodgenski's Scaling PostGIS Queries with Stado since these are becoming critical areas as we take on larger and more complex work.

Since others have shared their PostgreSQL Conference notes on Planet PostgreSQL: Josh Berkus, Blake Crosby, Selena Deckelman, Dmitri Fontaine, Bruce Momjian, Gabrielle Roth, Andreas Scherbaum, and Greg Smith, I thought I'd do my civic duty and add Paul Ramsey's notes to the mix. His are on his corporate OpenGeo blog which is carried by Planet Geospatial and Planet OSGeo but not by Planet PostgreSQL. One thing I admire about Paul is how easily he lets himself be changed by his environment. Sometimes you have to be a little careful what you say to him since he sometimes takes your comments a little too much to heart and changes a little bit more than you had intended. Anyrate here are his notes: PgCon Notes #1, PgCon Notes #2, PgCon Notes #3.

This past week our PostGIS Project Steering Committee has gotten a wee bit bigger with the addition of Sandro Santilli and Chris Hodgson. So now we are 5 people strong. Though we have drastically different opinions on things, I think we all have the best interest of PostGIS users in mind such that the difference creates a healthy compromise in perspectives.

Our PostGIS development team has gotten a new addition as well. We have Bborie Park hailing from UC Davis Center for Vectorborne Diseases helping out on the raster front. You might have seen him on the PostgreSQL news groups asking questions. He is currently working on raster image export functions, so that you can do things like ST_AsPNG(rast,...) right from the database. In addition he is also working on raster statistics functions like histograms, mean, minmax, stddev, reclass functions.

Bborie, if you get some of this in for 2.0, I promise to help document these new functions and to write an ASP.NET and PHP application/tutorial that flaunts some of them.

We just got our complimentary author hard-copies of PostGIS in Action today. Those who ordered directly from Manning should be getting there's shortly too if they haven't already. Amazon and other distributors should start shipping soon as well.

We'll be saving some copies for door prizes at the next event we present at.

I am happy to report, that the final proof of the PostGIS in Action E-Book got released today and the printed version is scheduled for release Aprill 11th, 2011 and should be available on Amazon and other locations around then. The other e-Reader formats will come after that. You can buy from here or download the two free chapters, if you haven't already.

Each hard-copy purchase comes with a free E-Book version. There is a coupon in the back of the book when you get it to get the E-Book versions.

Yes, I know it's been a really really long time. On the bright side, we produced twice as much content as we had set out to do and that was with keeping things as concise as we could get away with, still managing to cover more than we set out to cover, and stripping out as many unnecessary words as we could muster. So 520 pages and almost 2 years later, this is where we are.

A good chunk of the additional bulk of the book was the appendices which are about 150 pages total and focus strictly on PostgreSQL and SQL. After many comments from early reviewers, we thought it unfair not to have a good chunk of PostgreSQL and just general relational database content to familiarize programmers and GIS folks with the RDBMS that PostGIS lives in. Most GIS folk unfortunately have the hardest time with getting up to speed with SQL and just standard RDBMS management.

Two free chapters and accompanying code for all chapters

The two free chapters we selectively picked because we thought they would be most beneficial to newcomers and people new to relational databases. So the free chapters are:

• Chapter 1: What is a spatial database? Which provides a fast paced history of PostGIS, PostgreSQL, Spatial Databases and moves into an even faster journey into converting flat file restaurant locations to spatial point geometries, loading in an ESRI shapefile of roads. Then shows you how to write standard spatial queries and render the results.
• Appendix C: SQL Primer -- goes through querying information_schemas, the common points of writing SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE SQL statements and the finer points of using aggregate functions, Windowing constructs and common table expressions as well as a brief overview of how PostgreSQL stacks up with other relational databases (SQL Server, Oracle, IBM DB2, MySQL, Firebird) in SQL features.
• All the chapter code and accompanying data. It's a bit hefty at 57 MB.

So even if you don't buy our book, we hope you find the free chapters useful.

You can get a more detailed listing of all the chapters from the PostGIS in Action book site.

We'd like to thank all those who supported us through this long and unpredictable journey. Hopefully we'll have several more, though hopefully a bit less nerve-racking than this first one.

PostGIS Mini Conference in Paris, France

There will be a PostGIS 1 Day mini conference in Paris June 23rd organized by Oslandia and Dalibo. For Details: PostGIS mini conference English Details and PostGIS mini conference French Details. Speaker submissions are due April 22nd. Main focus will be upcoming PostGIS 2.0 which gathering from newsgroup a lot of people are already bouncing around.

PGCon 2011 - Paul will make a show

Paul Ramsey (OpenGeo) will be speaking at PGCon 2011. PostGIS knows where you are? and everyone will know where Paul is too.